Hardware Security Module (HSM)

eMudhra’s HSM‑enabled PKI and CLM platform leverages Hardware Security Modules (HSMs) to ensure that private keys are never exposed in software, and that sensitive key operations require multiple, independent approvals. This robust design both prevents key compromise and enforces split‑knowledge and dual‑control policies.

1. Preventing Key Compromise

• In‑HSM Key Generation & Storage
  • All asymmetric key pairs (root, intermediate, end‑entity) are generated inside FIPS‑certified HSMs—private keys never leave the secure hardware boundary.
  • Tamper‑resistant enclosures detect and respond to physical intrusion attempts (voltage, temperature, enclosure opening), zeroizing keys on detection.
• Isolated Crypto Operations
  • Signing, decryption, and key‑wrapping operations execute entirely within the HSM’s secure environment. Applications, CLM portals, and operators only interact with abstracted key handles—no direct access to raw key material.
• Role‑Based Access Controls (RBAC)
  • HSMs enforce granular operator roles (e.g., Crypto Officer vs. Security Officer), ensuring that only authorized identities can perform cryptographic functions.
  • Multi‑factor authentication (MFA) protects HSM management interfaces, preventing credential theft or misuse.

2. Split‑Knowledge & Dual‑Control Policies

3. Operational Workflow Examples

1. Key Backup (Split‑Knowledge)
   • Step 1: CLM issues a backup command to the HSM.
   • Step 2: HSM prompts for two or more distinct operator authentications to generate encrypted key‑shares.
   • Step 3: HSM distributes shares to separate, secure vaults (e.g., smart cards, secure file stores).
2. Key Activation (Dual‑Control)
   • Step 1: An operator with Crypto Officer privileges initiates a key‑activation request via CLM.
   • Step 2: A second operator with Security Officer privileges approves the request.
   • Step 3: Upon dual approval, the HSM releases the key for cryptographic operations.
3. Emergency Key Destruction
   • Step 1: CLM detects a potential compromise and alerts Security Ops.
   • Step 2: Two designated officers authenticate to the HSM and issue a zeroize command.
   • Step 3: HSM irreversibly erases the key, logging the event in its tamper‑evident ledger.

4. Compliance & Auditability

• Immutable HSM Logs
  • Every cryptographic event—generation, backup, activation, destruction—is recorded in the HSM’s internal audit log. Those logs are exported to eMudhra’s CLM for long‑term retention and compliance reporting.
• Policy‑Driven Enforcement
  • CLM certificate templates and HSM configurations ensure that split‑knowledge thresholds and dual‑control gates are non‑bypassable, satisfying regulations such as PCI‑DSS, GDPR, HIPAA, and eIDAS.

Summary
By integrating FIPS‑certified HSMs with its automated CLM workflows, eMudhra ensures that private keys remain impervious to compromise, and that all critical key operations adhere to split‑knowledge and dual‑control policies—guaranteeing the highest levels of security, compliance, and operational integrity throughout the certificate lifecycle.